Types of Climbing Harnesses

There are several main types of climbing harnesses, each designed for specific climbing activities and user needs. The main types of climbing harnesses are:

Sport Climbing Harnesses

When climbing severely overhanging sports routes, your harness needs to maximise freedom of movement and support body positioning on steep angles. Fixed leg loops that never restrict high-step manoeuvres are essential. The leg attachments shouldn't limit your ability to hike feet up into steep athletic stances. At the same time, a close-fitting padded waistbelt keeps your tie-in point centred and stabilised when dangling far beneath quickdraws on overhangs. Thin dense foam is preferred to reduce bulk while still providing comfort during extended hanging dog minutes. Multiple large angled gear loops need to keep quickdraws readily at hand for clipping bolts on steep terrain without tangling other gear. Lightweight breathable fabrics reduce sweat buildup on long bumpy sports routes. An anatomically curved waistbelt shape mirrored to your body contours also enhances the freedom of motion and reduces pressure points when you cut loose. For the tie-in point itself, a reinforced connection with little potential for twisting or cross-loading is vital. When you're 20 feet out from the wall battling against gravity, a solid tie-in keeps you safely on the sharp end. Finally, quick-connect buckles on the leg loops speed transitions when you're trying to maximize sends per session. The streamlined fit and functional design enables gymnastic movement on overhanging sport climbs.

Trad Climbing Harnesses

When gearing up for a long multi-pitch traditional climb, your harness needs ample carrying capacity for all the equipment required to lead safely. Four or more large vertical gear loops allow you to neatly organise nuts, cams, carabiners, slings and other gear on the rack. The ability to access and arrange your protection efficiently is essential since you'll be placing pieces regularly as you move up the rock face. Belaying from hanging stances also necessitates padded leg loops and waistbelt capable of comfortable suspension for extended periods. The adjustable leg loops support getting into an optimal position for belaying your follower or hauling gear on the lead line. An extended reinforced tie-in point keeps the lead rope centred while belaying from your harness to avoid twisting or cross-loading. The tie-in connection, belay loop, and overall construction should be burly enough for catching lead falls and enduring abuse from rope work. Durable abrasion-resistant materials withstand rough rock contact from scraping against the wall while climbing and hauling. Minimising errant straps or bulky gear loops also reduces potential snagging. The utilitarian design of rock climbing harnesses maximises organisation and carrying capacity to safely manage the complex logistics of traditional multi-pitch climbs. Adjustable functionality, padded comfort, and reinforced durability enable you to climb smoothly for hours while protected on vertical terrain.

Mountaineering Harnesses

For technical mountain ascents, every ounce matters, so a minimalist mountaineering harness shaves weight through strategic design and material choices. The extremely lightweight yet rugged construction ensures the harness can endure harsh alpine environments while compressing down small in your pack. Stripped down to the bare essentials, only 4 or fewer small gear loops are incorporated, optimised solely for racking carabiners, pickets, and other basic alpine protection. Integrated ice clipper slots allow direct attachment of ice screws, again saving weight by eliminating the need for carabiners or extra gear loops. Supplementary features like tie-off loops for anchors or specialised belay loops are eliminated to pare away anything unessential. Dense breathable padding balances comfort and compressible packability, while perforated foam and mesh materials reduce sweat buildup during rapid high-exertion ascents. A simple yet strong tie-in point connection won't shred under pounding from ice tools but avoids overbuilt designs that add bulk. Quick-release buckles combine security with the ability to rapidly escape the harness when every second counts. The streamlined mountaineering harness design enables alpinists to seamlessly protect themselves in harsh environments using the least amount of specialised gear possible. Instead of getting bogged down managing equipment, the harness itself fades into the background while you focus on the formidable mountain challenges directly ahead.

Work-at-Height Harnesses

Harnesses designed for occupational rope access integrate specialised features for safely working at height. Built-in redundant tie-in points on the front and rear of the harness allow for double-secured fall arrest attachments when climbing ropes. This backup protection remains vitally important if one connection were to fail. Thick padded waistbelts and leg loops provide sustained ergonomic support when suspended on lines for prolonged periods during work. The padding also dissipates heat and sweat when exerting effort at height or while waiting in a harness. For efficiently accessing job site tools, robust gear loops are positioned on the sides as well as the front and rear of the harness. Hardware like descenders, rope grabs, personal anchors and other rigging can be arranged around the harness for optimal access. Integrated attachments also allow adding chest ascenders, seat slings and other accessories to facilitate hands-free manipulation or fall protection on ropes. Fast and secure leg loop buckles allow easy donning and release even while wearing thick work boots. The specialised utility features enable workers to remain safely mobile across vertical worksites including bridges, towers, platforms, and more. Without compromising occupational safety, the harness also enables completing demanding physical jobs efficiently at elevation. The secure and specialised designs empower workers to take on jobs that were previously too dangerous or difficult to be practical.

Climbing Harness Features and Considerations

Beyond the general types of climbing harnesses, there are several key features and design elements to consider when choosing a harness. The most important aspects include:

Sizing and Fit

Finding a harness that fits your body correctly is critical for both comfort and safety. Most quality harnesses come in a range of sizes from extra small to extra large, with those sizes determined by waist and leg measurements. You'll want to carefully measure your waist circumference as well as leg inseam to choose the right size based on the manufacturer's sizing chart. Once you've got the harness on, the waist belt should ride snugly on your hips without sagging or pinching. The leg loops need to feel secure without constricting thigh movement. Trying harnesses in in-person at a store is ideal to nail down the best fit before purchasing. Some minor adjustments are also possible, like swapping out thicker or thinner waist and leg padding if needed. But in most cases, choosing the harness size that aligns with your body measurements will get you the ideal fit.

Waistbelt and Leg Loops

The padded waistbelt and leg loops are key contact points that influence harness comfort. Look for sufficient yet low-profile padding that provides cushioning without too much bulk. Wider waistbelts and leg loops spread pressure more evenly and reduce pinching in vulnerable areas. However, excessively wide padding can also limit mobility. High-performance harnesses utilise perforated or mesh foam in the waist and leg padding to reduce sweat buildup during strenuous climbs. For the leg loops, adjustable attachments allow you to customise the fit as needed. However, fixed leg loops offer unrestricted freedom of motion for athletic climbing. Determine whether the ability to tweak leg loop position is more valuable for your climbing style versus complete mobility.

Gear Loops

The number, position, size and material of gear loops dictate how easily you can rack and access gear like carabiners, quickdraws, slings and cams on your harness. Consider how much equipment you need to carry for the climbing disciplines you’re pursuing. More loops offer greater organisation but also add weight and bulk. Webbing loops have more flex and “give” when loaded compared to stiff plastic or aluminium. Gear loop position also depends on your needs - ice clipper slots, rear haul loops, and specialised side placements cater to particular gear. Determine how you want to arrange and access your gear while climbing and choose harness loop configurations accordingly.

Buckles and Adjustment

Most climbing harnesses use durable plastic buckles to secure the waistbelt and leg loops. Double-back buckles provide security by passing back through two connection points. Quick-adjust buckles make it easy to tighten or loosen the harness fit on the fly. While secure self-locking buckles hold position but take more effort to adjust. Harnesses focused on athletic performance often utilise fast snap buckles on leg loops for rapid transitions between climbs. Many harnesses also incorporate features like adjustable leg loop risers to help dial in an optimal fit. Consider options that allow both security and easy adjustments to get the custom fit you need.

Belay Loop and Tie-In Points

A reinforced belay loop allows belaying directly off the harness by providing a strong anchor point for catching lead falls. Single belay loops are common but trad harnesses often have redundant doubled loops as backup protection. Inspect the wear on your belay loop closely before each use. The main tie-in point on the harness waistbelt also needs to be reinforced for attaching a locking carabiner to secure your climbing rope. For activities like ice climbing or via Ferrata, beefed-up tie-in points withstand more abuse from gear hammering directly on them. Some work harnesses also offer multiple tie-in points on the front, rear and sides for attaching fall arrest systems. Prioritise a secure and protected tie-in connection for essential safety.

Climbing Harness Materials

Climbing harnesses employ various textiles and hardware to achieve key performance attributes:

Webbing

Climbing harness frames are constructed from strong nylon and polyester webbing to form structural elements like the waistbelt, leg loops, tie-in points and gear loops. One-inch wide tubular webbing comprises the primary load-bearing portions like the harness waist and tie-in point where the most force is applied. Narrower 3⁄4 or 1⁄2 inch webbing is used for lighter-duty parts like haul loops. The webbing running through buckles and tie-in loops may be reinforced by doubling up the material or adding bar tacks for extra strength. Different types of webbing offer specific properties - some favour minimal stretch under load, while others prioritise suppleness and "give" when weighted down. Blends like nylon-polyester mixes strike a balance for harness designs. 

Buckles

Most harnesses use plastic buckles injection moulded from lightweight yet tough polymers to securely connect the waistbelt, leg loops and other elements. The smooth pivoting action of harness buckles is often reinforced using steel rivet axles. Some high-end aluminium buckles shave precious grams for minimalist designs but can bend under extremely heavy loading. Double-backed buckles pass through two connection points for security. Self-locking designs stay put until positively released by the user. Carefully engineered mating buckle halves connect securely but allow quick and easy fastening, adjustment and release when required. Durable high-impact plastic ensures buckles remain stable under load when hanging or catching falls.

Padding

For padding waistbelts and leg loops, EVA and PE foams strike an optimal balance of cushioning, compressibility and lightweight. The contoured padding creates a smooth comfortable fit against the body. Some designs incorporate perforated or mesh foam panels to enhance ventilation and cooling. The thickness and shape of the padding can be varied to align with body types and user preferences. Certain harnesses also allow swapping or adding supplementary padding if more cushion or a slimmer profile is desired. Removable padding makes it easier to keep the harness clean over time. The tailored foam inserts add comfort without excess bulk.

Thread

Industrial grade nylon and polyester bonded threads assemble harness components using precise box and bartack stitches. High-strength exterior climbing gear threads can resist UV fading and abrasion from rock contact. Special locking stitches are engineered so the stitching won't unravel even if one thread breaks. This fail-safe redundancy keeps the harness integrity intact under dynamic loading. High-visibility V69 thread with superior contrast also improves inspection of critical harness stitching during pre-use safety checks.

Climbing Harnesses for Specific Disciplines

Beyond broad categories of beginner, intermediate and advanced harnesses, there are climbing disciplines that require specialised harnesses tailored to the unique demands of that sport. Harnesses are designed specifically for ice climbing, mountaineering, big wall, aid climbing and more integrated features needed for excellence in that subtype of climbing. Choosing a discipline-specific harness improves efficiency, safety and enjoyment when climbing in the vertical world.

Harnesses Optimised for Big Wall Climbing

Big wall harnesses are purpose-built for multi-day ascents of massive cliffs like El Capitan. Key features include:

• Durable abrasion-resistant materials that stand up to days of rock contact
• Large, angled rear haul loop for attaching bags laden with food, water, portals, etc.
• Thick padded waistbelt and adjustable leg loops for comfort when hanging belay
• Increased number of robust gear loops including specialised slots for aiders
• Tie-in point and belay loop engineered for catching lead falls
• Easy-access rope management points for organising lead, haul and tag lines
• Leg risers for dialling in the perfect high-hanging belay position
• Lightweight yet rugged construction capable of multi-day sustained vertical camping

Harnesses Purpose-Built for Ice Climbing

Ice climbing harnesses shed anything not essential to focus on:

• Keeping climbers securely tethered to the ice lines
• Holding ice screws, carabiners and other alpine protection
• Facilitating smooth swinging and placement of ice tools
• Providing freedom of motion for technical front pointing and vertical ice movement

Specialised features include:

• Lightweight, minimalist and quick-drying design
• Multi-angled ice clipper slots instead of traditional gear loops
• Tie-in points reinforced for pounding from ice tools
• High-positioned rigid leg loops for body positioning flexibility
• Thinner high-friction foam and mesh padding for warmth and non-slippage
• Lower profile so as not to interfere with harnessing the ice axe picks

Mountaineering Harnesses Focused on Alpinism

For high-altitude technical mountaineering, key harness attributes are:

• Extremely compact and lightweight construction that compresses down small
• Just enough gear loops for alpine carabiners, screws and pickets
• Elasticised or adjustable leg loops that fit over bulky mountain boots
• Built-in clipping points for cows' tails, carabiners and rappel accessories
• Reinforced tie-in points and gear loops that stand up to abrasion
• Often have basic daisy chains or the light tethering ability for group travel
• Belay loops are designed for body weight only rather than lead falls

Harnesses Made for Sport Climbing Performance

On steep sports climbs, shaving seconds on crux sequences matters. Essential elements of sport climbing harnesses are:

• Fixed leg loops that never catch or restrict free movement
• Ultra-lightweight breathable foam and mesh padded waistbelt
• High-positioned horizontal or racking gear loops for quickdraws and rope management
• Quick-connect leg and waist buckles for fast transitions between climbs
• Curved ergonomic waist shapes mirrored natural body contours
• Minimalist tie-in point strength focused only on top-roping rather than lead falls

Climbing Harnesses for all Levels

Beginner Climbing Harnesses

When starting climbing, purchasing your first harness may seem overwhelming given the myriad of models marketed for different disciplines and experience levels. As a novice climber, finding an affordable option with sufficient safety, comfort and usability should be the priority rather than paying for unneeded high-performance features. Look for user-friendly functionality that makes the harness easy to put on and adjust like clear markings, no-thread leg loops, and intuitive double-back buckles. You want fastening and sizing to be fuss-free since you'll be donning the harness frequently at first. Foam padding on both the waistbelt and leg loops also improves comfort during long climbing or belaying sessions while thicker pads help compensate for imperfect sizing while you determine your ideal fit. As a newer leader, two medium gear loops around 5 inches in length give adequate space to rack basics like corselettes or lockers without unnecessary bulk. Make sure the harness meets key industry standards like a 15kN rating on the main tie-in for reliability in gym and crag top roping scenarios. Advanced harnesses for experienced climbers often have steeper price tags and unnecessary extras. By focusing on fundamental safety, comfort, and usability criteria, beginner-oriented models deliver complete fall protection along with approachability. Starting right with a harness matched to your initial skill level and needs enables you to gain experience without breaking the bank.

Intermediate Climbing Harnesses

As climbers develop skills and start pushing into more challenging terrain, upgrading from a starter harness to an intermediate model can provide welcome performance improvements without breaking the bank. Compared to entry-level harnesses, key upgrades in intermediate designs include lighter overall weight through greater use of breathable mesh panels that maintain comfort while shedding bulk. More precise adjustability comes from incorporating additional sliding buckles, grommets and ladder locks enabling fine-tuning a more dialed-in anatomical fit. Harnesses tailored for particular disciplines have specialised gear loops optimised for efficiently carrying and accessing equipment like quickdraws or cams for the given climbing style. Other features like reinforced tie-in points, belay loops and haul points add durability critical for intermediate climbers starting to push into harder grades and longer routes requiring more from their equipment. Many intermediate harnesses provide a choice between fixed or adjustable leg loops to balance freedom of motion with customisable fit. While streamlining some inefficiencies, intermediate models continue delivering ease of use and approachability at an affordable step up from basic starter designs. The judicious performance improvements support developing climbers in advancing their skills at an evolving pace.

Advanced Climbing Harnesses

Once climbers are consistently operating at a high technical level on challenging sports or traditional routes, upgrading to an advanced performance harness can provide that extra edge to break into the next level. Advanced harnesses leverage cutting-edge designs and materials to trim every ounce possible while optimising freedom and athletic motion. Ultralight yet strong Dyneema webbing and carbon fibre components shed weight. Sparse strategic padding placements also pare away bulk while still providing essential comfort. Fixed leg loops coupled with a pre-curved waistbelt moulded closer to natural body contours greatly enhance free movement critical for technical climbing. An ultra-precise anatomical fit hugs the hips tightly with minimal shifting to keep the tie-in point stabilised when contorting into extreme positions. Specialised designs target particular disciplines like a big wall, alpine or sport climbing rather than being general-purpose. Buckle innovations like auto-adjusting "smart" clips or single-handed operation boost speed and ease of use when fractional reductions in gearing up time impact performance. While improving upon intermediate all-around harnesses, advanced models maintain the essential safety, function and reliability at their core. Dialling in a high-end harness precisely matched to your climbing genre and calibrated closely to your physique can provide that final bit of advantage to break through to the next level.